TO ADD DIFFERENT COLOURS TO EACH CUBE FACE.

 TO ADD DIFFERENT COLORS TO EACH CUBE FACE

Version : Blender version 2.79

Steps:
1. Open a new Blender file. You will find the default cube at the centre of the 3D axes.
2. Go to the Properties panel and then click on Materials button.Click on the + button to the right of the  box with a blue band. A blue colored band will shift one line below a grey colored default material icon.
3. Below the blue colored window, click on the button with a sign, "+ NEW". A preview window with Diffuse and Specular color settings will appear. Select a color, say, Red. Name the material as red.
4. Next go to the + button to the right of the blue colored band.Then click on "+ NEW" button another color and rename the material as, say, Yellow.
5. Repeat the process for four more colors.
6. To apply Red color to a face of the cube, select the Cube, go to edit, face select mode and select a face. In the properties panel, under materials, to the left of "+ NEW" button you will find a round disc icon with two arrows pointing up and down. Click on this button and select the Red color and click on assign. Red colour will be applied to the face selected.
7. Repeat these steps for another five colors.
8. You will see the different colors on the face of the Cube.

TO COPY AND PASTE KEY FRAMES

 TO COPY AND PASTE KEY FRAMES

Delete the Cube and add a Monkey. Go to frame one set up a key frame. Do changes in  location and rotation settings. Go to frame 125 and set up another keyframe. Now if you want to copy the key frame at frame 1 and paste it at frame 250 follow the following steps.

To copy/paste keyframes for the same object,go to the Dope sheet, press "A" key to de-select all action points (yellow squares). Then select the action points which corresponds to the key frame you want to copy by right clicking each action point while holding down the "Shift" key.Once you have selected all the desired points  press Ctrl+C to copy, go to the key frame where you want to paste then press Ctrl+V. Save the file.Run animation to check for the desired result.

LIMIT LOCATION/ROTATION/SCALE/DISTANCE CONSTRAINT

Three separate constraints to limit location, rotation and scale are provided to limit the respective transformation of an object. All these three constraints do not require a target object. The limiting parameter is set for the source/owner object. 

Let us consider the limit location constraint. The lower and upper limit can be set for each axis- X,Y and Z separately or in combination like X and Y, Y and Z or Z and X or X ,Y and Z. Setting an upper limit of 5 along X axis would limit the movement of the object along  X axis up to  5 units. The distance is considered from the initial position of the object origin  to the limiting value  set by us for the origin, of the source object. Setting the minimum and maximum value to zero along any axis will lock the movement of the object along that axis.

Clicking the For transform option will limit the movement with in the set minimum and maximum value, which we can see in the location parameters displayed in the properties  panel. By unchecking the Transform option, you will see that the object is visually limited to move within the set parameters, but the actual value can go beyond the set limits. This again you can see under the location parameter.

Setting the Influence value to zero will make the limits set to become in-effective, setting it to 1 will make it effective on a100% basis. If the maximum value is set to 5, the object movement will be limited to 5. If influence is set to 0.5 and maximum value is set to 6, the object will be limited up to 3 units.

Similar logic is applicable to limit Rotation and Scale constraint.

Limit Distance constraint requires a target object with respect to which the limit operates.    

 

RIGHT OBJECT SCALE FACTOR FOR RIGID BODY PHYSICS SIMULATION

 When you want to do rigid body physics  simulation make sure that all the objects created for the scene must have a scale  factor of 1,1,1 along all three axes. To do this, select an object after scaling, and press Ctrl+A and select scale. You can see the scale factor set to 1 along all three axes in the properties panel by pressing N and looking under the head  "Scale".

 This is essential for the objects to perform properly when you do the rigid body physics simulation.

COPY LOCATION CONSTRAINT

  COPY LOCATION CONSTRAINT

For this constraint to work we need two objects - a source(owner) object and the target object. Copy location constraint is applied on the owner object and the target object is the controlling  object.

1.Once the copy constraint is applied on the source object, it copies the location of the target object. The source object will get located at the target object location.

2. Depending on whether X,Y or Z is ticked(selected), the corresponding X,Y or Z location of the target  is picked by the source.If only X is ticked, the source will take the X value of the target. Either X, X and Y or X,Y and Z can be selected or its inverted values.

3. Activating the invert option will pick the negative value of the corresponding axis of the target object.

TRACK TO CONSTRAINT

 

When we talk about constraints we talk about a source/owner and the target object. Constraint is applied to the source object. The source object, when it has to pickup  the control parameters from another object, then a target object is added. Some constraints of this type are transformation constraint, action constraint, copy location/rotation/scale constraint. Some  constraints which do not require a target object are limit location, limit distance, limit rotation and so on.

 Track to constraint, in simple terms means  a "Look at"  sort of constraint. When you have an object say a monkey(target) and the camera (source) on which the constraint is applied, the camera is set to face the monkey, irrespective of the movement or rotation of the Monkey or the camera. If the "Up" and "To" axis setting is the same, the constraint will not work. The influence setting can vary from 0 to 1. Zero means no effect, 1 means maximum effect.

 

The three images above shows how the Camera is always facing the Monkey.

The settings to activate the Track-to constraint is shown above. Some other examples of using this constraint are given below:

1. Let us say a ball is bouncing across the ground and the player's eye balls are continuously following the ball, then the constraint  is applied to the eye ball with the ball as the target.

2. Let us say a singer is moving around on the stage and a focus light is set such that the light beam always follows the singer, then the target will be the  singer and the constraint will be applied on the light(source/owner).

Experiment with the settings to get a hang of how it works.

CONSTRAINTS

 Constraints are a way to control an object’s  location, rotation or scale. Constraints can be used on objects or bones.Constraints are  mainly  used in animation. It can also be used on objects for controlling in a static sense. While constraints are used on the object as a whole it can also be used to control a vertex group or a bone part.
 

To apply a constraint to an object(or bone), first select it.

Constraints can be activated from the Properties panel  by clicking on the button having two chain links as its image icon. Hovering the cursor over this icon will display its name.

 When you have an object in the 3D window, constraints can be  activated by going to the header bar which is below the 3D windows, clicking on Object ->Constraints-> "Add constraints with target".  Keyboard shortcut for this is Shift+Ctrl+C. This will open the constraints menu panel. Here click on the particular constraint. This will open the particular constraint's menu window where required setting should be made to  activate the constraint. 

 More than one constraint can be applied to an object which is known as cascading constraints. All the constraints from top to be one below till the last one will have its effect on the object. 

 A constraint when applied to an object may be temporarily deactivated by clicking on the eye icon in the constraint window, to closing it. 

 Further the influence setting which has a value varying from 0 to 1 can be animated. Setting the influence value to zero will also deactivate  constraint.